Pro-Russian separatists, who are in control of the crash site, had placed the remains of the passengers of the Malaysia Airlines flight in refrigerated carriages.
The train's departure comes after reports of an agreement between Malaysia and Aleksander Borodai, self-proclaimed leader of the separatist group in eastern Ukraine, to retrieve the bodies of the victims of MH17, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak said.
They have also reached an agreement to hand over the two black boxes from the Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777-200ER, which crashed in Ukraine on 17 July with 298 people on board, Razak told a news conference.
Independent international investigators have also been guaranteed safe access to the crash site to begin a full investigation, he said.
"In recent days, we have been working behind the scenes to establish contact with those in charge of the MH17 crash site. That contact has now been made," Razak said in a televised speech.“There is work still to be done, work which relies on continued communication in good faith”Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak
"Under difficult and fluid circumstances, we have been discussing the problems that have occupied us all. Securing vital evidence from the aircraft, launching an independent investigation, and above all recovering the remains of those who lost their lives."
Under the agreement, the remains of 282 people will be moved by train from Torez to Kharkiv.
There they will be handed over to representatives from the Netherlands.
Razak did not say what had happened to the remaining bodies of the 298 people on board the flight.
The remains will then be flown to Amsterdam on board a Dutch C130 Hercules military aircraft, together with six members of the Malaysian team who will also be on the train.
After forensic work has been completed, the remains of Malaysian citizens will then be flown to Malaysia.
Finally, international investigators will be guaranteed safe access to the crash site and allowed to start an investigation, he said.
"I must stress that although agreement has been reached, there remain a number of steps required before it is completed," said Razak.
"There is work still to be done, work which relies on continued communication in good faith. Mr Borodai and his people have so far given their co-operation."
Once this is done, the investigation can "truly begin", he added so that "justice may be done".
The agreement comes after criticism of the separatists who had been accused of hampering access to the crash site.
Passengers' remains were left outside in the sweltering heat before being put on the refridgerated train and untrained volunteers were also allowed to comb the site.
President Barack Obama earlier accused the rebels of tampering with potential evidence and called for the international experts to be granted "immediate and full" access to the site.
British Prime Minister David Cameron said there was strong evidence that pro-Russian separatists shot down the plane with an anti-aircraft system known as Buk.
Russia on Monday again denied allegations that it had supplied such missiles or "any other weapons" to the rebels.
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